Here's my thoughts:
A) Water Change - Way to little way to infrequent! I like to see 10% per week when everything is good. First sign of problems I increase amount and frequency. The beauty of a 12g tank (I'm sitting here at my office looking at mine as I type this) is that you can do a LARGE (and safe) water change for just a couple of dollars. I have gotten into the method of doing 5g water changes every week or so just because 5g is a good amount that I can still handle.
B) If you're plucking/pulling it IN the tank you need to have some filter/siphon running to remove what you're not catching. I'd guess for every piece you see & catch there are 5 floating around the tank taking root somewhere else. If possible do this OUTSIDE of the tank and rinse with Salt Water before placing back in the tank. EXPORT is key!
C) Algae outbreaks are best handled by attacking from several different angles all at the same time. Hefty Water changes, manual removal, reduction in feeding amount and frequency, change in what you're feeding, evaluate fish BIOLOAD....
It takes time to get this under control but it CAN be done. Don't give up and don't try to always "Buy" a solution. More often than not "Elbow Grease" will go a long way to fixing this type of problem.